International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach Research and Science
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach Research and Science (IJMARS) E-ISSN 2987-226X P-ISSN 2988-0076 is to promote excellence by providing a venue for academics, students, and practitioners to publish current and significant empirical and conceptual research or builds theory. The journal is a double-blind, peer reviewed, open access journal. IJMARS publish articles in different fields of Applied sciences, Physical science and Social sciences. The journal also serves as a platform for reporting on the latest research findings and exchange of best practices among the global community of scholars and researchers. Editors invite reviewers, researcher, lecturers, practitioners, industry, and observers to contribute to this journal. All submitted articles should report original, previously unpublished research results, experimental or theoretical, and will be peer-reviewed. Articles submitted to the journal should meet these criteria and must not be under consideration for publication elsewhere. Manuscripts should follow the style of the journal and are subject to both review and editing. If the submitted manuscript does not adhere to the guidelines or uses a different format, it will be rejected before being reviewed by the editorial staff. The editorial staff will only accept a manuscript that adheres to the formatting specifications. All submissions must be made through the IJMARS OJS system. We accept absolutely NO submissions via email. Acceptance Rate Description for Acceptance Rate :33% Rejection Rate Description for Rejection Rate : 67% Desk Reject Rate :30% After Review Reject Rate :37%
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Investigation of High School Students' Orientation to Leisure Sportive Activities and Leisure Involvement Levels
The purpose of this study is to examine the orientation toward sports activities, leisure involvement, and participation levels in sports activities during leisure time among high school students who participate in outdoor sports activities. In this context, a total of 228 high school students, 127 female and 101 male, participated in the study. Data for the study were collected through face-to-face interviews using questionnaires. Since the collected data were found to be within the parameters of normal distribution, parametric tests were applied. According to the findings, high school students were found to have high levels of orientation toward sports activities and free time. In addition, it was determined that students' gender, perceived income levels, daily free time duration, and the type of activity most preferred during free time significantly differentiated their orientation toward sports activities and levels of interest in free time. Furthermore, leisure involvement levels account for 39% of the variance in participation levels in sports activities. Based on these results, it can be said that high school students can socialize and develop their knowledge by participating in sports activities during their free time. In this regard, it is recommended that organizations be established to help high school students use their time after school more productively and in a way that is filled with sports activities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ferhat Kilicarslan, Tebessüm Ayyildiz Durhan, Serkan Kurtipek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect of Leverage, Profitability, Audit Opinion, and Firm Size on Audit Report Lag: Empirical Evidence from Property and Real Estate Sector Companies
This study aims to examine the effect of leverage, profitability, audit opinion, and firm size on audit report lag in property and real estate companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2020–2023 period. Audit report lag refers to the time gap between the fiscal year-end and the issuance of the independent auditor’s report, which serves as a critical indicator of the timeliness and quality of financial reporting. The research adopts a quantitative approach using multiple linear regression analysis. The sample was determined through purposive sampling, consisting of 29 companies observed over four years, resulting in 116 firm-year observations. The study employed secondary data obtained from officially published annual reports and financial statements. The findings indicate that leverage, profitability, audit opinion, and firm size jointly have a significant effect on audit report lag. In contrast, profitability and audit opinion show a negative and significant effect when tested individually, suggesting that firms with higher profitability and unqualified audit opinions tend to complete audits more quickly. Meanwhile, leverage and firm size do not exhibit a significant impact. These results provide deeper insights into the determinants of audit delay and offer practical implications for enhancing the timeliness of financial reporting in Indonesia’s property sector.
Copyright (c) 2025 Agung Shilvya Wijaya, Wiralestari, Nela Safelia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Emerging Trends and Technological Challenges in Avionics Systems: A Comprehensive Review
Avionics is quickly shifting from independent subsystems to completely integrated systems intended to leverage technology to raise safety, effectiveness and sustainability in aviation. This paper provides a broad, but intensive, examination of the emerging trends and technological challenges that mark avionics a modern era. Using recent literature from Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect and other venues, it brings together themes around communications, navigation and surveillance technologies; integration of unmanned aircraft, artificial intelligence and machine learning; digital transformation; sustainability; human factors; reliability; and advanced manufacturing. Additionally, it highlights how these technologies interact with other themes with relevance to avionics including cognitive radio, digital twins, and predictive analytics amid pressing challenges surrounding spectrum, increasing complexity of systems, certification, and cybersecurity. Instead of separating these themes, the paper highlights how they work together and must be considered as a whole to advance technology, operations, and human factors. Together, the synthesized themes construct a methodical synthesis of beacons across domains for new generation researchers, engineers and regulators in advanced avionics.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ma. Barbara Gaco, Martell Gerard Anthony Geli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
SWOT Analysis of Afghanistan’s Coal Trade in International Market
This study examines the SWOT analysis of Afghanistan’s coal trade in the international market. The analysis highlights the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Afghanistan has huge amount of coal reserves about 73 million tons that can be exploited for exports to international market. Also, this paper identifies the ways to growth of Afghan coal trade in the international market. There are several issues in the Afghan coal trade in the international market for addressing. Afghanistan has several opportunities for growth of coal trade that should be capitalized, such as coal demand increasing and development of infrastructure. There are several threats that should be mitigated, such as environmental concerns. Also, this paper identifies Afghanistan position in the international market of coal trade. Afghanistan has moderate position in the international market of coal trade. Currently, Afghanistan has exports of coal to Pakistan. The amount of coal trade to Pakistan was 2.7 million tons in 2022 with 12 billion and 143 million AFG revenue.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alyas Aslami https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Impact of Flood on Bayelsa State, Nigeria: Causes, Consequence, and Management Strategies
One of the most common and destructive environmental hazards in Nigeria has been flooding that has resulted in massive destruction of infrastructure, agriculture and human settlements. The geomorphological characteristics and the closeness of the Atlantic Ocean makes Bayelsa State, which is in the low-lying Niger Delta region, highly susceptible to floods. This paper will discuss the 2022 flood disaster that occurred in Bayelsa State, its physical and socioeconomic effects, the primary causes of the disaster, and some of the current measures taken with regards to flood management. The study is an empirical research based on the structured questionnaires, interviews and field observations conducted in seven communities across Bayelsa and Delta States, but also supported by secondary information, which presents multidimensional impacts of the flood. The findings noted that the flood swept away farmlands, animals, and households, displaced thousands of people, disrupted both transport and education and increased poverty and food insecurity. Results also suggest that ineffective drainage, level ground and lack of government preparedness are some of the factors that contributed to the disaster. The paper ends by giving recommendations on the need to actively manage river basins, to develop proper urban planning and to establish a good collaboration between the institutions to ensure the development of resilience against the occurrence of future floods.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jude Okeibunor Nwambuonwo, Ogheneovo Maureen Atie, Mariam Reuben-Okoye https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect of Error Culture and Learning Organization Principles on Performance Enhancement Strategies within Organizations
This comprehensive literature review examines the intricate relationship between error culture, learning organization principles, and performance enhancement strategies within contemporary organizations. Through systematic analysis of empirical studies, theoretical frameworks, and meta-analytical research, this article synthesizes existing knowledge to establish how organizational approaches to error management and learning culture significantly influence performance outcomes. The findings demonstrate that organizations fostering constructive error management cultures—characterized by psychological safety, open communication, and systematic learning from mistakes—consistently outperform those maintaining error-averse environments. Similarly, organizations implementing learning organization principles, including systematic problem-solving, experimentation, knowledge transfer, and continuous improvement, exhibit superior performance across multiple dimensions. The analysis reveals that these two constructs interact synergistically, creating a powerful foundation for sustainable performance enhancement. This article contributes to organizational theory by providing an integrated framework that connects error culture, learning organization principles, and performance enhancement strategies, offering practical implications for organizational development and future research directions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Belal Dahiam Saif Ghaleb https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Succession of Throne by Women and Myths in Yogyakarta Sultanate
The phenomenon of female succession to the throne in the Yogyakarta Sultanate raises important issues regarding the legitimacy of power, patriarchal traditions, and socio-cultural change within the Javanese royal context. This research problem stems from the tension between traditional Mataram Islamic values, which place male leadership as the norm, and the emerging opportunities for women to occupy top positions within the palace structure. Previous studies have shown that discourses about women in Javanese culture are often associated with myths, sacred symbols, and ambivalent gender constructions, thus opening up space for debate regarding their position in traditional politics. This research uses qualitative interpretive methods combining observation, in-depth interviews, and literature review. The findings indicate that female succession to the throne is not simply an internal political phenomenon but is also closely related to myths that shape public perception, both as a symbol of power and a source of controversy. Furthermore, this process challenges the dominance of the patriarchal system and encourages a reinterpretation of Javanese cultural values. The study's conclusion confirms that women's involvement in succession to the throne reflects historical, political, and cultural dynamics and marks a significant shift in the socio-economic structure of the Yogyakarta Sultanate, both in the present and for its future development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sigit Surahman, Annisarizki; Rina Sovianti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Evaluation of Use of Linear Regression to Predict Profit, Selling Price, and Stock on HSR Wheels Platform
In the ever-evolving digital era, the e-commerce sector faces significant challenges in efficiently managing sales, selling prices, and inventory. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a linear regression model in predicting sales, selling prices, and stock levels on the HSR Wheels e-commerce platform. A quantitative method was used by analyzing daily transaction data to identify the relationship between the time variable and sales, profit, and stock. The results showed that linear regression has limitations in modeling data complexity, with low R² scores and high Mean Absolute Error (MAE) values. These findings indicate the need for more advanced predictive models, such as machine learning algorithms, to improve prediction accuracy. This research is expected to contribute to developing more efficient and relevant sales strategies for e-commerce platforms.
Copyright (c) 2025 Esa Fauzi, Bagus Alit Prasetyo; Adi Purnama; Rizky Bagus Pangestu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Handling of Child Abuse at the Social Affairs, Women’s Empowerment, and Child Protection Office of Banjar Regency
This study analyzes the prevention and handling of child abuse in Banjar Regency, emphasizing the role of institutions, social networks, and cultural dynamics that influence the effectiveness of interventions. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews, document studies, and field observations. The findings indicate that prevention strategies through socialization, education, and institutional capacity-building have increased community awareness, although challenges remain due to cultural resistance that normalizes domestic violence. Case handling is carried out through multi-channel reporting mechanisms, initial assessments, accompaniment, referrals, and social rehabilitation, with the UPTD PPA serving as the central coordinating hub across sectors. Case studies reveal the complexity of interventions, particularly concerning limited human resources, service access disparities, and social stigma. These findings underscore that child protection requires not only formal institutional interventions but also social norm transformation and family environment strengthening to create more adaptive and protective systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nova Jumiatul Miradiah, Amka, Irwansyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Panel Data Regression Analysis Approach: Predict the Effect of Operating Cash Flows and Net Profit on Stock Returns
This study aims to explore the predictive relationship between operating cash flows (OCF) and Net Profit (NP) with stock returns (SR). Quantitative research design adopts the ex-post facto model. Secondary data is used as the main source of data obtained from financial statements from four manufacturing companies from food and beverages listed in the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2016-2023 period, analyzed in 32 quarters of the financial statements chosen with purposive sample techniques. Data analysis from the panel data regression model approach was adopted, which is estimated to use EViews v.12. Research findings, the Common Effects Model (CEM) approach was chosen as the best data panel regression model through the Chow test, Hausman test, and LM test. The findings conclude that OCF has no positive effect on SR. NP does not have a significant positive effect on SR. This finding also confirmed that OCF and NP simultaneously do not have a significant positive effect on SR. This illustrates the variant of the relationship between OCF and NP simultaneously has a low prediction power in explaining the total SR variant. This finding can fill the existing gap, and practically the relevant data panel regression model is used to predict the return of cash flow-based shares from business operations and periodic income in several companies. But the findings of this research emphasize that many other financial performance measures are more dominant than OCF and NP, as a determinant of SR in the capital market.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sella Marselia, Deri Firmansyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect of Principal Leadership, Teaching Quality, and Student Motivation on Academic Performance in Senior High Schools
This study aims to analyze the influence of school principal leadership, teaching quality, and student motivation on academic achievement at private senior high schools in the Riau Islands Province. The research method used is quantitative with a survey approach. The sample consisted of eight randomly selected private senior high schools. Data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling to examine both direct and indirect effects among variables. The results showed that school principal leadership had a positive and significant effect of 12.2% on students' academic achievement. Teaching quality had a positive influence of 20.1%, and student motivation contributed 9.6% to academic achievement. Simultaneously, principal leadership and teaching quality contributed 26.3% to students' academic achievement. Furthermore, principal leadership and teaching quality significantly influenced student motivation, contributing 22.4% and 28.1% respectively, and jointly 30.6%. Student motivation acted as a mediating variable that strengthened the influence of principal leadership (15.3%) and teaching quality (17.4%) on academic achievement. Based on these findings, it is recommended that principals improve their leadership, teachers enhance their teaching quality, and students increase their learning motivation to support the improvement of academic achievement in private senior high schools in the Riau Islands Province.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pattasang, Martinis Yamin, Maisah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Change Leadership in Higher Education: Exploring of Theories and Practices
Change leadership in higher education institutions is very interesting and has been the topic of the scholars worldwide. This paper aimed to shed light on the concept of change leadership, related models and theories of change leadership practices in higher education. This paper is purely a qualitative research where selected papers are reviewed. The selected papers to be reviewed are gathered through extensive literature review from academic papers representing an output of previous studies conducted by various researches concerning change leadership practices in higher education institutions. These studies have been published in relevant websites over the Internet, which include scientific publications, periodicals, studies, scientific research. The paper concludes that higher education institutions need change leaders who have the confidence to adjust an organization's focus. There are several models and theories of change leadership. In this paper three models were reviewed; the Lewin’s model of change, Dunphy and Stace’s model, and Kotter’s model. Lewin theorized a three stage model of change as unfreezing, change, and refreeze. Dunphy and Stace incorporate participatory evolution forced evolution, charismatic transformation, and dictatorial transformation. Kotter’s model proposed eight steps in the change process. The eight steps classified into three phases: create a climate for change, engage and enable the whole organization, and implementing and sustaining Change. Hence, higher education institutions need change leaders who have the confidence to adjust an organization's focus, and who have the leadership skills to make sweeping changes in an organization by moving people or groups in a general direction.
Copyright (c) 2025 Saifaldin Idris Onia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Learning from Regional Successes: Strengthening Afghanistan's Pharmaceutical Supply Chain through the Experiences of Pakistan, Iran, and India
This research examines the challenges confronting Afghanistan's pharmaceutical supply chain management (PSCM) in the aftermath of prolonged conflict, with an emphasis on enhancing access to essential medicines. The Afghan pharmaceutical sector is characterized by systemic inefficiencies, regulatory shortcomings, inadequate infrastructure, and disruptions stemming from years of instability. Drawing insights from the experiences of neighboring countries—Pakistan, Iran, and India—that have navigated similar obstacles, this study identifies strategic interventions to fortify Afghanistan’s PSCM. This research follows a qualitative method and a deductive approach. Key recommendations include strengthening regulatory frameworks to ensure the quality and safety of pharmaceuticals, leveraging digital technologies for improved inventory and distribution management, and enhancing cold chain infrastructure for temperature-sensitive products. The role of centralized procurement systems and public-private partnerships (PPPs) is underscored as vital for increasing efficiency and reducing costs. Furthermore, fostering local pharmaceutical manufacturing is proposed as a crucial step toward self-sufficiency and resilience. By adapting successful strategies from its neighbors to its distinct context, Afghanistan can develop a more robust, transparent, and sustainable pharmaceutical supply chain, ultimately improving public health outcomes and ensuring consistent access to life-saving medications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hamdullah Azimi, Mohammad Yusuf Saleh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Maternal Mortality and Preventive Measures among Childbearing Mothers in Abia State University Teaching Hospital
The study examined maternal mortality causes and preventive measures among childbearing mothers in Abia state university teaching hospital, Nigeria. Maternal mortality poses a threat to a population as it claims the lives of childbearing women who are wives, mothers, and caregivers amongst so many roles. Unfortunately, they die from preventable causes classified as direct obstetric and indirect obstetric causes. This trend is measured in various populations using the maternal mortality rate (MMR). The paper reviewed causes, risk factors and preventive measures of maternal mortality to modify the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of childbearing women. The search strategy included a variety of key words on PubMed, Sciencedirect and other databases. In testing hypothesis, the results revealed a positive significant relationship of the stated preventive measures to maternal mortality causes. The study therefore recommends among others the need for health education to convince women of the relevance of seeking maternal care at the right time and in government approved health facilities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abigail Eseni Ama, Faith Asuquo John, Nsisong Ekom Mboho, Etiene-Obong Johnson Udoaka, Akanimo Okon Asuquo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Influence of Halal Label, Expiration Date, and Product Composition on Consumer Purchase Decisions Mediated by Purchase Intention at MSME Gallery
This study aims to analyze the influence of halal labels, expiration dates, and product composition on consumer purchase decisions with purchase intention as a mediating variable at the Etham Nusantara MSME Gallery in Samarinda. The research employed a quantitative approach using a survey method with questionnaires, analyzed through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the assistance of SmartPLS. The results indicate that halal labels, expiration dates, and product composition have a positive and significant effect on both purchase intention and purchase decisions, while purchase intention is proven to mediate the influence of these three variables on consumer purchase decisions. These findings highlight the importance of product information transparency in enhancing consumer trust, purchase intention, and purchase decisions, as well as providing strategic implications for MSME actors and gallery managers in strengthening the competitiveness of local products in an increasingly competitive market.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rovan Amhar, Gusti Noorlitaria Achmad, Yohanes Kuleh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Leadership Management to Enhance Supervisor Performance in Educational Institutions
This study aims to analyze the leadership and management practices of the Heads of the Ministry of Religious Affairs Offices in improving the performance of supervisors at State Islamic Senior High Schools in Jambi Province. Utilizing a qualitative approach with a phenomenological method, the research was conducted across several local Ministry offices. The findings reveal four key aspects. First, performance improvement planning is typically conducted through coordination meetings at the beginning of the academic year. Second, supervisor performance enhancement is carried out through official briefings, routine school visits, and both formal and informal coaching, though its implementation remains inconsistent due to limited time, the advanced age of many supervisors, and the broad scope of their responsibilities. Third, performance monitoring tends to emphasize administrative compliance rather than substantive areas such as managerial guidance or support for the Merdeka Curriculum. Fourth, key obstacles include a shortage of qualified supervisors, insufficient training provided by the Ministry, and weak structural alignment between Ministry leadership and supervisor working groups, which often operate independently. The study recommends the strengthening of technical regulations, recruitment of subject-specific supervisors, implementation of continuous curriculum-based training, and the empowerment of Ministry heads as strategic leaders in supervisory management. Strengthening these aspects is expected to significantly enhance the quality of madrasah education in the region.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Arsad, Maisah, Fadlilah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Role of Sociolinguistics in Shaping Students’ Language Use in Multilingual Classrooms
With an emphasis on how social and cultural elements impact communication, identity, and interaction, this study investigates how sociolinguistics shapes students' language use in multilingual classrooms. Students frequently switch between local, national, and international languages like English in multilingual educational settings, leading to intricate linguistic patterns. Using a qualitative design, the study examined how sociolinguistic dynamics emerge through teacher and student interviews and classroom observations in regular learning interactions. The results show that various factors, including peer pressure, instructors' language preferences, and the sociocultural status of particular languages, influence how students use language. Interviews revealed, for example, that students frequently transition between Indonesian, English, and their native tongues based on the situation and the person speaking to them. Teachers also purposefully employed sociolinguistic techniques like translanguaging to establish connections and guarantee understanding. In addition to facilitating communication, these activities helped students develop their social identities. The findings highlight how crucial sociolinguistic understanding is to creating welcoming classrooms that celebrate linguistic variety. According to findings, incorporating sociolinguistic perspectives into teaching methods can improve language acquisition, advance linguistic equity, and fortify students' multilingual proficiency.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ida Bagus Nyoman Mantra, Wayan Maba, Ida Ayu Made Sri Widiastuti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Sonny’s Blues: Art, Suffering, Racism, and Redemption through Music in James Baldwin’s Harlem
This paper critically analyzes James Baldwin’s short story Sonny’s Blues as a socio-cultural narrative of suffering, racial segregation, and the redemptive power of music. Set in Harlem, the story explores how African American identity, familial relationships, and artistic expression intersect in the lives of two brothers. Through the lens of blues and bebop jazz, the research interrogates how Baldwin constructs a symbolic framework of trauma, communication, and salvation. The study highlights the story's religious imagery, racial critique, and musical metaphors to understand Baldwin’s broader commentary on black suffering and resistance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bhoj Raj Adhikari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect of Tax Rates on the Growth of Small and Medium Enterprises in Kisumu County, Kenya
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are critical to Kenya’s economy, driving employment and GDP growth. In Kisumu County, high tax rates, including turnover tax (3%), corporate income tax (30%), and value-added tax (VAT, 16%), pose significant barriers to SME growth. This study investigates the effect of tax rates on SME growth, focusing on profitability, customer base expansion, and operational scalability. Guided by the Economic Deterrence Theory, Ability-to-Pay Principle, and Resource-Based View, a correlational research design was employed, targeting 1,200 registered SMEs in Kisumu County. Using stratified random sampling, a sample of 291 SMEs was selected, with data collected from 262 respondents (90% response rate) via structured questionnaires with a five-point Likert scale. Validity was ensured through content and construct alignment, with reliability confirmed by a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.83. Descriptive statistics (means, frequencies, standard deviations) and inferential statistics (correlation, regression) were analyzed using SPSS version 26. Findings revealed a strong negative correlation (r = -0.645, p < 0.001) between tax rates and SME growth, with regression results indicating a significant negative effect (β = -0.435, p < 0.001). High tax rates increased operational costs (mean = 4.02, SD = 0.95), reduced profitability (mean = 3.98, SD = 0.97), and limited reinvestment (mean = 3.92, SD = 1.01). Challenges such as compliance costs and policy uncertainty were noted. The study concludes that high tax rates significantly hinder SME growth by constraining financial resources. Recommendations include revising tax rates, simplifying compliance, enhancing tax education, and introducing incentives to foster SME growth.
Copyright (c) 2025 George Otieno Madara, Yasin Kuso Ghabon https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Time in T.S. Eliot’s “Four Quartets: Burnt Norton”
The significance of time in Eliot’s “Four Quartets: Burnt Norton” is examined in this paper. Particular attention should be paid to “Burnt Norton,” the opening section of Eliots “Four Quartets”. This study examines Eliot’s treatment of temporality as a structural and thematic principle in contrast to previous scholarship that approached the Quartets through themes of music, dance, liturgy love, and salvation. I contend that Eliot views time as cyclical rather than linear with the past present and future constantly interacting to produce transcendental moments. Through recollection imagination and symbolic imagery like the rose garden echoes children’s laughter and the still point time is revealed in Burnt Norton as irredeemable yet essential. Speculative abstraction imaginative reconstruction ecstatic moments of stillness recognition of emptiness and reconciliation through words music and silence are the five movements that explore the interplay between temporality and timelessness in this poem. Through his engagement with Heraclitus, Heidegger Bergson, and Neoplatonic ideas Eliot positions time as a constraint as well as a window into eternity. Burnt Norton, the study concludes, enacts a paradoxical synthesis: temporal existence is unavoidable but the possibility of timeless order and meaning only arises through the memory of fleeting moments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Milina Tamrakar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect of Cash Management on Financial Performance of Kenya Power and Lighting Company in the Central Rift Region
Cash management, a critical internal control mechanism, ensures liquidity, accountability, and operational efficiency in public utilities like Kenya Power and Lighting Company (KPLC). This study examines the effect of cash management practices on KPLC’s financial performance in the Central Rift Region, measured by Return on Assets (ROA). Guided by Agency Theory, a descriptive research design targeted 155 finance division staff across Nakuru, Narok, and Kericho sub-regions. Using stratified random sampling, data were collected from 53 respondents (85% response rate) via structured questionnaires with a five-point Likert scale. Validity was ensured through expert review, and reliability was confirmed with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.787 for cash management items. Data analysis utilized descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation, regression) via SPSS. Ethical standards, including informed consent and confidentiality, were upheld. Findings reveal a significant positive correlation (r = 0.431, p < 0.05) between cash management and financial performance, with regression results showing a notable effect (β = 0.271, p = 0.009), explaining 77% of variance (R² = 0ros). Gaps in advanced budgeting tools and staff training were identified. The study concludes that effective cash management enhances financial performance by improving liquidity and accountability, recommending automated budgeting systems, regular training, and periodic audits to optimize outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Giriago Joseph Ochieng, Yasin Kuso Ghabon https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Sociology of Tree Marriages: Patriarchy, Purity, and Protection in Customary Law
This article examines the sociological significance of "tree marriages," a ritualistic practice predominantly observed in parts of South Asia, particularly India. Symbolic in nature but rooted in real social implications, these ceremonies reflect deeply entrenched patriarchal values masked as spiritual or protective customs. Often conducted in response to astrological beliefs — particularly the presence of a “manglik dosha” in a woman’s horoscope — these symbolic unions are believed to mitigate supposed cosmic threats to future human marriages. However, beneath the veneer of religious or cultural tradition lies a complex system of gender regulation, where women's lives and marital prospects are shaped by rituals that restrict autonomy while appearing to offer protection. This study explores the role of tree marriages in reinforcing gender hierarchies, controlling female agency, and maintaining cultural purity through customary law. It investigates how these practices function as social technologies that uphold caste endogamy, manage inheritance, and safeguard family honor. By synthesizing sociological theory, legal pluralism, and gender analysis, the article provides a comprehensive understanding of how tree marriages serve both symbolic and practical purposes in sustaining patriarchal order. In doing so, it challenges the normative acceptance of such practices and calls for critical re-examination of tradition-based gender roles in contemporary societies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Chandrasekhar Bhoi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Microbiological Investigation of Waste Water Discharge from Temple and Nkwelle Abattoir
The increasing volume of waste generation and inadequate disposal systems in Nigeria, particularly due to anthropogenic activities such as the indiscriminate location of slaughterhouses near residential areas, poses significant environmental and public health risks. This study investigated the microbiological quality of wastewater discharged from two slaughterhouses (Temple and Nkwelle) in Umunya, Oyi Local Government Area, Anambra State. Wastewater samples were collected using sterile containers and immediately transported to the microbiology laboratory for analysis. Bacterial isolation was conducted using Nutrient agar, Salmonella/Shigella agar, and MacConkey agar, while fungal isolation was performed using Potato Dextrose agar. The Total Heterotrophic Bacterial Counts (THBC) for Temple and Nkwelle slaughterhouses were 6.8 × 10⁵ CFU/mL and 5.2 × 10⁵ CFU/mL, respectively, while the Fungal Counts were 1.4 × 10⁴ CFU/mL and 1.2 × 10⁴ CFU/mL, respectively. Bacterial isolates included Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Citrobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., Proteus spp., Enterobacter faecalis, Klebsiella spp., Lactobacillus spp., and Staphylococcus aureus. Fungal isolates comprised Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp., and Mucor spp. The findings indicate that slaughterhouse wastewater discharges contain high microbial loads of pathogenic bacteria and fungi, posing serious environmental contamination and public health risks, including potential waterborne diseases and ecological disruption. This study underscores the urgent need for sustainable and environmentally friendly waste management practices in slaughterhouse operations. Recommendations include implementing proper wastewater treatment systems, enforcing regulatory measures, and promoting public awareness to mitigate the adverse impacts on the environment and human health.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kingsley Agu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Image Segmentation for Sweet Potato Leaf Disease Detection using U-Net
The detection and management of sweet potato leaf diseases play a vital role in ensuring sustainable crop yields and reducing agricultural losses. This study proposes an automated segmentation approach using the U-Net convolutional neural network to detect disease regions on sweet potato leaves. The dataset, consisting of leaf images and corresponding masks, underwent a structured preprocessing pipeline including resizing, normalization, and reshaping. The U-Net architecture, comprising an encoder-decoder structure with skip connections, was trained on 70% of the dataset and evaluated using accuracy, Intersection over Union (IoU), and Dice coefficient. Experimental results show that the model achieved an accuracy of 94.6%, IoU of 0.88, and a Dice coefficient of 0.92, indicating strong segmentation performance. Visual comparison between predictions and ground truth masks further confirms the model’s effectiveness in isolating disease regions. This research demonstrates the potential of U-Net as a reliable deep learning framework for plant disease detection and contributes to the development of intelligent agricultural monitoring systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yenie Syukriyah, Adi Purnama https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect of Capital Structure on Profitability with Liquidity as a Moderating Variable: Empirical Study on Food and Beverage Companies
This study investigates the effect of capital structure on profitability with liquidity as a moderating variable in food and beverage companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2019-2023. Using a quantitative approach, this study uses secondary data from 26 companies selected by purposive sampling. Profitability is measured using return on assets, return on equity, and net profit margin, while capital structure and liquidity are represented by debt to equity ratio and current ratio. The study applies panel data regression and moderated regression analysis using Eviews 13. The novelty of this study lies in explicitly integrating liquidity as a moderating variable in the relationship between capital structure and profitability, which has hardly been addressed in previous studies. The findings show that capital structure has a negative effect on return on assets and net profit margin but has a positive effect on return on equity. Liquidity does not significantly moderate the effect of capital structure on return on assets and net profit margin; however, it significantly moderates the relationship with return on equity, indicating that high liquidity may weaken the positive effect of leverage on shareholder returns. This study concludes that capital structure decisions should consider liquidity conditions to ensure sustainable profitability, especially in industries with operating cash flow volatility. Future research is recommended to explore non-linear relationships and use broader financial indicators to strengthen the generalizability of findings across sectors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yohanes https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Integration of Information and Communication Technology in the Primary School Curriculum of Timor-Leste: A Systematic Review
The implementation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) at every level in the 2014 Primary School Curriculum of Timor-Leste functions as the key driver for improving teaching quality while extending classroom reach. A comprehensive evaluation examines essential details, including benefits and limitations, that are developed as a result of the primary education implementing ICT. Research shows that information and communication technology lead to better engagement in learning, result in higher academic performance, and help fill educational gaps that affect distant and underprivileged areas. Digital tools help students discover engaging teaching strategies that strengthen their capacity for critical thinking and problem-solving. The implementation faces multiple barriers because of inadequate school facilities, and lack of teaching staff qualifications, and continuing digital divide challenges. Multiple issues affect rural education settings because many schools do not have internet access and appropriate technology equipment, and teachers are limited in their ability to use ICT effectively. The educational system in Timor-Leste needs to address major weaknesses before it can maximize the potential benefits from the implementation of ICT. The results support the need to create policies that promote inclusive and sustainable digital learning because students should have equal access to ICT.
Copyright (c) 2025 Salvador Magno Ximenes https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Implementation of the Gender Mainstreaming Program in South Kalimantan Province
This study aims to examine the implementation of the Gender Mainstreaming Program (PUG) in South Kalimantan Province by exploring stakeholders’ understanding, institutional awareness of the importance of gender perspectives, and the key challenges that affect the effectiveness of the program. It also seeks to explain how institutional capacity, structural factors, and cultural dynamics support or hinder the success of PUG. A qualitative approach with a case study design was used. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with key informants from relevant agencies (DP3AKB, BAPPEDA, BPKAD, and the Inspectorate), document analysis, and review of planning documents and Gender Responsive Budgeting (PPRG) evaluations for the 2023–2024 fiscal year. Data were analysed thematically using George C. Edwards III’s policy implementation framework, which includes communication, resources, disposition of implementers, and bureaucratic structure. The findings indicate that most agencies demonstrate an awareness of the importance of integrating gender into development policies, although such awareness remains largely normative and has yet to reach a transformative level. Key obstacles include limited human resource capacity, insufficient sex-disaggregated data, weak cross-sectoral coordination, and bureaucratic cultures that are not yet fully gender-inclusive. In conclusion, the implementation of PUG in South Kalimantan remains at a procedural stage and requires strengthened institutional capacity, improved gender data systems, and enhanced regulatory and cross-sector coordination to ensure its sustainable and effective implementation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nadzira Auliya Mudzrika, Irwansyah, Muhammad Riduansyah Syafari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Impact of Empowerment on Women’s Livelihood in Oyo State, Nigeria
Women’s empowerment plays a vital role in driving economic and social development, especially in agriculturally driven communities. In Nigeria, despite women's substantial contributions to agriculture and household welfare, gender-based constraints persist—limiting their access to productive resources, credit, and decision-making. This study explores the impact of women’s empowerment programs on livelihood outcomes in Oyo State, Nigeria. It specifically examines women’s participation in empowerment initiatives, assesses the relationship between empowerment indicators and livelihood improvements, and identifies barriers to effective participation. A cross-sectional design was employed, drawing primary data from 100 respondents—including beneficiaries of the Women Development Fund (WDF) and key informants—through structured questionnaires, interviews, and document reviews. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Version 25. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) and inferential methods such as multiple regression and chi-square tests were applied to assess relationships among variables and test hypotheses. The results showed that participation in empowerment programs significantly improved women’s access to credit (95.6%), savings (90.0%), and income-generating opportunities (97.8%). Positive livelihood outcomes included increased income (98.9%), business expansion (97.8%), property ownership (74.7%), better healthcare access (96.7%), and improved food security (95.6%). Regression results revealed that increased income, property ownership, business growth, and decision-making autonomy significantly influenced women’s empowerment at the 1% significance level (p < 0.01). Empowerment programs substantially enhance women’s economic independence and household welfare. Nonetheless, barriers such as limited education, financial exclusion, and cultural norms hinder full participation. Addressing these through improved financial inclusion, supportive policies, and capacity-building initiatives is essential to unlocking the full potential of women in rural development and ensuring sustainable livelihood outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Deborah Tosin Fajobi, Olasunmbo Kafilat Jubreel , Janet Temitope Ojediran, Damilola Toluse Adeomi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Factors Influencing Coaching Success: Role, Competence and Employee Engagement
This study investigated the factors influencing the effectiveness of workplace coaching interventions, focusing on the coach’s role, abilities, perceived coaching benefits, and engagement outcomes. Survey data from 73 participants in a UK sixth-form college were analyzed using Fisher’s exact test. The results indicate that managing negative emotions is more successful when coaching is conducted by external coaches or colleagues than by managers. A coach’s ability to lead conversations, maintain concentration, and avoid excessive personal opinions significantly affects the achievement of an individual target. Perceived coaching benefits such as overcoming workplace barriers and developing specific skills are strongly associated with coaching success. Engagement outcomes, including commitment to responsibilities and willingness to exert extra effort, were significantly related to coaching success in managing negative emotions and meeting individual goals. However, coaching success was not significantly associated with commitment to organizational goals. These findings suggest that organizations should carefully consider coach selection, emphasize potential coaching benefits, and tailor interventions to specific objectives to maximize the impact of coaching on employee engagement and performance. Further research with larger samples is recommended to validate these results and explore the transfer of coaching outcomes to workplace applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Barbara Menara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Corporate Environmental Disclosure: Exploring Real Earning Management, Governance, and Moderating Role of Audit Committees
In Indonesia, environmental disclosure remains limited due to the absence of clear guidelines for reporting corporate environmental performance. This study aims to examine the role of audit committees in reinforcing key factors influencing environmental disclosure. Using secondary data and a quantitative approach, the research focuses on 104 companies in the agricultural, basic industry, and chemical sectors listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). Through purposive sampling, 12 companies from the 2019-2023 period were selected, yielding a dataset of 60 observations. The study employs multiple linear regression for data analysis. Findings indicate that the board of commissioners’ size has a positive impact on environmental disclosure, whereas company size and real earnings management (REM) do not exhibit significant effects. Additionally, the audit committee does not moderate the relationship between these factors and environmental disclosure, except for the size of the board commissioner. These results suggest that corporate governance, particularly the structure of the board of commissioners with the audit committee, plays a crucial role in enhancing environmental reporting. However, the audit committee’s lack of moderation highlights the need for stronger regulatory frameworks and clearer responsibilities in corporate sustainability oversight. Policymakers and stakeholders may consider developing comprehensive guidelines to improve environmental disclosure practices across industries. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by shedding light on the specific governance structures that influence environmental disclosure in Indonesia, with a focus on the moderating role of audit committees in shaping disclosure practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Diah Hari Suryaningrum, Munari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0