Driving Lecturer Performance: Integrating Transformational Leadership, Human Capital, and Effective Collaboration in Higher Education

Abdul Majid; Erna Nur Faizah; Sri Yaumi; Romy Pramono

doi:10.59653/jbmed.v4i02.2422

Authors

Abdul Majid Universitas Muhammadiyah Lamongan, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9121-4401
Erna Nur Faizah Universitas Muhammadiyah Lamongan, Indonesia
Sri Yaumi Institut Teknologi dan Bisnis Ahmad Dahlan Lamongan, Indonesia
Romy Pramono Universitas Ciputra Surabaya, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59653/jbmed.v4i02.2422

Keywords:

lecturer performance, transformational leadership, human capital, effective collaboration, organizational support

Abstract

This study aims to investigate organizational support as a boundary condition regulating the performance-related effects of transformational leadership, human capital, and effective collaboration among university lecturers in East Java Province, Indonesia. Grounded in the theoretical integration of Job Demands-Resources Theory and Social Exchange Theory, a quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted with 257 lecturers from both public and private institutions. Hypotheses were tested using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) via SmartPLS. The findings confirm that all four direct effects transformational leadership, effective collaboration, organizational support, and human capital have significant positive effects on lecturer performance. Notably, organizational support significantly moderates the transformational leadership–performance relationship. Simple slope analysis revealed that the leadership effects transition from negligible under low institutional support to dominant under high support, indicating an approximately eight-fold difference in performance return per unit of leadership investment. Moderation through human capital and effective collaboration was not supported. This study contributes by reframing organizational support from a performance antecedent to a structural amplifier. It offers a theoretically grounded solution to the contextual inconsistencies documented in the higher education leadership literature and provides evidence-based guidance for integrated faculty performance management strategies.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abdulrab, M., Ali, K., Alwaleedi, T., Al-mamary, Y. H., Zumrah, R., Al-tahitah, A. N., & Al-mekhlafi, A. A. (2025). Beyond Leadership : How Transformational Leaders Foster Organizational Citizenship and Engagement through Psychological Empowerment. Journal of Chinese Human Resources Management, 16(1), 119–145. https://doi.org/10.47297/wspchrmWSP2040-800507.20251601

Al-Aamri, M. S. H., Soliman, M., & Ponniah, L. S. (2024). Influencers of academic staff performance in higher education: the role of motivation, transformational leadership and involvement in strategic planning Available to Purchase. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 16(5), 1355–1372. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-08-2023-0339

Baakeel, O. A. (2025). Transformational Leadership Influences on Academic S taffs ’ Job Satisfaction within Higher Education. Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Management, 10, 562–574. https://doi.org/10.52783/jisem.v10i57s.12343

Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Sanz-Vergel, A. (2023). Job Demands – Resources Theory : Ten Years Later. Anual Reviews, 10, 25–53. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-120920- 053933

Banwo, A. O., Onokala, U., & Momoh, B. (2022). Organizational climate–institutional environment nexus: why context matters. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 12, 357–369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40497-022-00330-4

Beek, M. Ter, Wopereis, I., & Schildkamp, K. (2022). Don ’ t Wait , Innovate ! Preparing Students and Lecturers in Higher Education for the Future Labor Market. Education Sciences, 12(620).

Boesten, R. M., Demerouti, E., Blanc, P. M. Le, & Pekaar, K. A. (2025). A person-centered perspective on entrepreneurial success : combining proactive behavioral strategies across. Career Development Internationa, 30(2), 178–192. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-04-2024-0156

Brandl, L. C., & Schrader, A. (2024). education sciences Student Player Types in Higher Education — Trial and Clustering Analyses. Education Sciences, 14(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14040352

Carter, S. R., Rifkin, D. J., Aslani, P., & Mclachlan, A. J. (2025). Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy Psychometric properties of the multifactor leadership questionnaire when used in early-career pharmacists with provisional registration. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 21(1), 56–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.10.004

Chan, C. K. Y., & Tsi, L. H. Y. (2023). The AI Revolution in Education : Will AI Replace or Assist Teachers in Higher Education ? Cornell University. https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.01185

Cheah, J., Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., & Christian, M. (2026). Consistent Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling Using SmartPLS. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 0(0), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2026.2633754

Chinnaraju, A. (2025). Partial least squares structural equation modeling ( PLS-SEM ) in the AI Era : Innovative methodological guide and framework for business research. Magna Scientia Advanced Research Dan Reviews, 13(02), 62–108. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5225441

Chukwuma, N., & Zondo, R.-W. D. (2024). Business Ecosystem & Strategy The role of intellectual stimulation on students creativity improvement in higher education : A systematic literature review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BUSINESS ECOSYSTEM & STRATEGY, 6(5), 216–222. https://doi.org/10.36096/ijbes.v6i5.671

Cropanzano, R., Anthony, E. L., Daniels, S. R., & Hall, A. V. (2016). Social Exchange Theory: A Critical Review with Theoretical Remedies. Academy of Management Annals, 11(1). https://doi.org/doi.org/10.5465/annals.2015.0099

Dawes, J. G. (2025). Examining the brand-level associations between customer satisfaction, demographic profile and loyalty. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 43(5). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-07-2024-0442

Efendi, S. (2020). The Role of Human Capital in the Education Sector in Efforts to Create Reliable Organizational Human Resources. International Journal of Science and Society, 2(1), 405–413. https://doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v2i1.342

Eisenberger, R., Shanock, L. R., & Wen, X. (2020). Perceived Organizational Support : Why Caring About Employees Counts. Anual Reviews, 7, 101–124.

Figueiredo, E., Margaça, C., Carlos, J., & García, S. (2025). The Contribution of Reward Systems in the Work Context : A Systematic Review of the Literature and Directions for Future Research. In Journal of the Knowledge Economy. Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-024-02492-w

Hair, J., & Alamer, A. (2022). Research Methods in Applied Linguistics Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling ( PLS-SEM ) in second language and education research : Guidelines using an applied example. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, 1(3), 100027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmal.2022.100027

Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2022). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) (Edisi ke-3). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Hair, J. F., & Sarstedt, M. (2019). Thoughtlet Factors versus Composites : Guidelines for Choosing the Right Structural Equation Modeling Method. Project Management Journal, 50(6), 619–624. https://doi.org/10.1177/8756972819882132

Hassanein, F. R., Daouk, A., Zakhem, N. B., Elsayed, R. A., Tahan, S., Houmani, H., Koleilat, H., & Dilby, A. (2025). An Analysis of Perceived Organizational Support and Organizational Climate on the Supportive Leadership – Employee Wellbeing Linkage in the Lebanese Academic Sector. Administrative Science Quarterly, 15(6), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci15060204

Hazzam, J., & Wilkins, S. (2023). Computers & Education The influences of lecturer charismatic leadership and technology use on student online engagement , learning performance , and satisfaction. Computers & Education, 200(April), 104809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104809

Hean, O. (2022). The Effects of Technological Progress in Innovative Regions on the Labor Markets of Lagging Regions : A Theoretical Perspective. Economies, 10(187). https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10080197

Heenan, I. W., Lafferty, N., & McNamara, P. M. (2024). education sciences Enactment of Transformational School Leadership — Insights from Primary School and System Leaders. Education Sciensces, 14(6).

Hoch, J. E., Bommer, W. H., & Wu, D. (2016). Do Ethical, Authentic, and Servant Leadership Explain Variance Above and Beyond Transformational Leadership? A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Management, 44(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316665461

Hun, J., Saehee, H., David, K., Yan, G. A., & Allen, D. G. (2026). High ‑ investment human resource practices and firm performance in the context of national education systems and labor markets : A cross ‑ national meta ‑ analysis. Journal of International Business Studies, 57(3), 424–434. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-026-00839-w

Huynh, T. N., Nguyen, P. Van, Do, A. M., Dinh, P. U., & Vo, H. T. (2024). Heliyon Fostering organizational performance through innovation : The roles of environmental policy instruments , organizational learning supports , and intellectual capital. Heliyon, 10(20), e39361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39361

Istikhoroh, S., Ardhiani, M. R., Sulistiawan, E., & Sukandani, Y. (2023). Creating Human Capital-Based Innovation and Transformational Leadership Work Behavior in Higher Education. Revista de Gestao Social e Ambiental, 17(5), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v17n5-030

Jindal, P., Mittal, A., Gupta, P., & Chaudhry, R. (2024). Mediating Role of Psychological Safety on Support at the Workplace and its Association with Organization Performance : Context of Indian IT Sector Abstract : The Open Psychokogy Journal, 17, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.2174/0118743501311004240710111216

Jo, H. (2025). Interplay among collaborative culture, empowerment leadership, and IT work environment in the public sector: A mixed methods study. International Journal of Information Management, 82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2025.102883

Juckett, L. A., Robinson, M. L., & Wengerd, L. R. (2019). Narrowing the Gap : An Implementation Science Research Agenda for the Occupational Therapy. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 73(5), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.5014/AJOT.2019.033902

Kadikilo, A. C., Nayak, P., & Sahay, A. (2024). Barriers to research productivity of academics in Tanzania higher education institutions : the need for policy interventions. Cogent Education, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2024.2351285

Khalid, A., Kumar, S., Usman, M., & Waqas, M. (2024). Managerial latitude and adaptive selling : Important roles of salesperson perceived control and work centrality. Journal of Business Research, 172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114441

Kock, F., Berbekova, A., & Assaf, A. G. (2021). Understanding and managing the threat of common method bias: Detection, prevention and control. Tourism Management, 86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104330

Kotov, S. V., Kotova, N. S., & Blokhin, A. L. (2020). Social and Behavioural Sciences IFTE 2019 5th International Forum on Teacher Education HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH HIGHER EDUCATION. The European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.01.13 IFTE

Kucharska, W., & Erickson, G. S. (2023). International Journal of Information Management Tacit knowledge acquisition & sharing , and its influence on innovations : A Polish / US cross-country study. International Journal of Information Management, 71(April), 102647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102647

Le, T. T., Phuong, H. Y., Pham, T. T., & Nguyen, A. T. (2023). Cogent Arts & Humanities The integral roles of supporting staff in bolstering academic performance : A qualitative study in Vietnamese higher education institutions The integral roles of supporting staff in bolstering academic performance : A qualitative study in Vietnamese higher education institutions. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2023.2264008

Magalhães, A., & Veiga, A. (2023). Governance, institutional autonomy and leadership in Portuguese higher education. International Encyclopedia of Education (Fourth Edition), 152–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818630-5.02019-4

Miller, R. J., & Maellaro, R. (2016). Getting to the Root of the Problem in Experiential Learning: Using Problem Solving and Collective Reflection to Improve Learning Outcomes. Journal of Management Education, 40(2), 170–193. https://doi.org/10.1177/1052562915623822

Morales, A. A. A., Nielsen, J., Bacarini, H. A., Martinelli, S. I., Kofuji, S. T., & Díaz, J. F. G. (2018). administrative sciences Technology and Innovation Management in Higher Education — Cases from Latin America and Europe. Administrative Sciences, 8(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci8020011

Nabaho, L., & Kiiza, A. K. (2020). Quality Assurance of Higher Education Governance and Management : An Exploration of the Minimum Imperative for the Envisioned African Common Higher Education Space. Higher Learning Research Communications, 10(2), 38–52. https://doi.org/10.18870/hlrc.v10i2.1183

Omland, M., Hontvedt, M., Siddiq, F., Amundrud, A., Rudningen, Hermansen, H., Mathisen, M. A. S., Rudningen, G., & Reiersen, F. (2025). Co ‑ creation in higher education : a conceptual systematic review. In Higher Education (Vol. 90, Issue 4). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-024-01364-1

Osayomwanbor, O., Abiodun, A., & Mojisola, O. (2024). Research Output and Effective Teaching : A Scholarly Discourse on Lecturer Productivity in. International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology, 12(12). https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.65649

Pachler, D., Kuonath, A., & Frey, D. (2019). How transformational lecturers promote students’ engagement, creativity, and task performance: The mediating role of trust in lecturer and self-efficacy. Learning and Individual Differences, 69, 162–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2018.12.004

Park, S., Mao, X., & Choi, S. (2025). Understanding the relationship between teacher collaboration and instructional clarity via teacher self-efficacy: A moderated mediation model of organizational commitment. Teaching and Teacher Education, 156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2024.104922

Passey, D., Shonfeld, M., Appleby, L., Judge, M., Saito, T., & Smits, A. (2018). Digital Agency : Empowering Equity in and through. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 23(3), 425–439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-018-9384-x

Podsakoff, P. M., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2019). Experimental designs in management and leadership research : Strengths , limitations , and recommendations for improving publishability. The Leadership Quarterly, 30(1), 11–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.11.002

Podsakoff, P. M., Podsakoff, N. P., Williams, L. J., Huang, C., & Yang, J. (2024). Common Method Bias : It ’ s Bad , It ’ s Complex , It ’ s Widespread , and It ’ s Not Easy to Fix. Anual Reviews, 11, 17–61. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-110721- 040030

Poturak, M., Mekić, E., Hadžiahmetović, N., & Budur, T. (2020). Effectiveness of Transformational Leadership among Different Cultures. International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies, 7(3), 119–129. https://doi.org/10.23918/ijsses.v7i3p119

Qian, S., Yuan, Q., & Liu, Z. (2020). Do Job Insecure Leaders Perform Less Transformational Leadership? The Roles of Emotional Exhaustion and Trait Mindfulness. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 27(3), 376–388. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051820938327

Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2022). Perceived Organizational Support: A Review of the Literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 698–714.

Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). Gain more insight from your PLS-SEM results The importance-performance map analysis. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 116(9), 1865–1886. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-10-2015-0449

Rivas, C. (2024). Supporting the Professional and Career Development of Doctoral Students. Encyclopedia, 4, 337–351. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.3390/ encyclopedia4010024

Rosario, L. M. D., Navigar, N. R., Gamit, S. P. R., Armiendo, R. A. M., & Depante, L. A. C. (2025). Stratification of research productivity across academic career stages in a teaching-centric institution Keyword s. International Journal of Education and Practice, 13(3), 803–820. https://doi.org/10.18488/61.v13i3.4204

Sanders, K., Guest, D., & Rodrigues, R. (2021). The role of HR attributions in the HRM – Outcome relationship: Introduction to the special issue. Human Resource Management Journal, 31(2). https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12358

Shafait, Z., & College, J. H. (2023). Exploring the Nexus of Emotional Intelligence and University Performance : An Investigation Through Perceived Organizational Support and Innovative Work Behavior. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 16, 4295–4313.

Shafie, M., Fairuz, M., Awalludin, N., Tau, C., Shela, N., & Noor, H. (2024). Unlocking insights : A comprehensive dataset analysis on the acceptance of computational thinking skills among undergraduate university students through the lens of extended technology acceptance model , HTMT ,. Data in Brief, 54, 110463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2024.110463

Shinde, M. O., & Singh, D. N. (2025). Human Capital and Firm Performance : A Bibliometric Review of Empirical and Theoretical Contributions. Journal of Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Research (JIMRES), 11(2), 6062–6081. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.15501545

Shmueli, G., Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., Cheah, J.-H., Ting, H., Vaithilingam, S., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). Predictive model assessment in PLS-SEM: guidelines for using PLSpredict. European Journal of Marketing, 53(11), 2322–2347. https://doi.org/10.1108/ejm-02-2019-0189

Toi, P. X., Province, V. L., Hiep, P. M., Chi, H., City, M., Le, P., & Long, H. (2026). Organizational and Digital Drivers of Lecturer Performance: Examining the Mediating Role of Work Motivation Under Transformational Leadership. Verdas Do Derito, 23(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.18623/rvd.v23.n1.4125

Toledano, E. G., Zomeño, A. G., Olivares, Á. L. G., & Ruiz, A. P. (2023). Development of Essential Competences for the Success of Inclusive Quality Teaching – Learning Processes in Higher Education. Education Sciences, 13(1243). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13121243

Tsen, M. K., Tan, M. G. C. M., & Goh, S. K. (2022). Does flexible work arrangements decrease or increase turnover intention? A comparison between the social exchange theory and border theory. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 42(11–12), 962–983. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-08-2021-0196

Ullah, A. A., Mehmood, W., Amin, S., & Abbas, Y. A. (2022). Human capital and organizational performance: A moderation study through innovative leadership. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 7(4), 100261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2022.100261

Wang, Y., & Fan, Z. (2025). The Impact of Communities of Practice on Professional Development Among Chinese Teachers : A Mixed-Methods Longitudinal Study. SAGE Open, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440251359824

Xie, X., Liu, X., & Chen, J. (2023). A meta-analysis of the relationship between collaborative innovation and innovation performance: The role of formal and informal institutions. Technovation, 124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2023.102740

Yousefi, M., Zhang, J., & Jiang, Z. (2025). Bolstering teaching performance in Chinese universities through transformational leadership and perceived organizational support. International Journal of Chinese Education, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/2212585X251321181